The Awakening Symbolism Essay - 1756 Words

Kate Chopin uses powerful and significant symbolism in The Awakening to depict the feminist ideas involving women s longing for sexual and personal emancipation through the development of the main character, Edna Pontellier, as she recognizes the extent of her passion and ultimately the disappointment after the realization of her inevitable limitations in life. Symbolism is used to tell the story of Edna s journey toward self-discovery and the pursuit of her desires and freedom while defying Victorian society s expectations and her limited domestic female role of wife and mother. Some of these symbols include art, music, and houses. These images are also used to portray the different women of the Victorian era. Birds and water appear to†¦show more content†¦These personal struggles are emphasized with Chopin s use of symbolism and imagery. Chopin uses third person point of view, omniscient narrator to report the feelings and actions of Edna Pontellier. The narrator is anonymous but many critics believe that the narrator seems to align with Chopin s own convictions especially since Chopin began to write in the years in which she was trying to come to terms with her individuality, making her acquaintance with the wholly convincing self that was no longer defined by her husband (Boren, 160). Chopin clearly demonstrates her own support of the character rebelling against the conventions of Victorian society. Although the narrator is mainly objective, it also appears at times that the narrator has sympathy for Edna and support for her female struggle. This is especially evident in chapter six of the narrative, when Chopin is describing the beginning of things that represent Edna s first steps toward self-discovery by stating that a certain light was beginning to dawn dimly within her, --the light which, showing the way, fo rbids it (Perkins, 550). Chopin continues by stating that, In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and toShow MoreRelated Symbolism in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Kate Chopins The Awakening Chopins The Awakening is full of symbolism.   Rather than hit the reader on the head with blunt literalism, Chopin uses symbols to relay subtle ideas.   Within each narrative segment, Chopin provides a symbol that the reader must fully understand in order to appreciate the novel as a whole.   I will attempt to dissect some of the major symbols and give possible explanations as to their importance within the text.   Art itself is a symbol of both freedomRead MoreEssay on symbolaw Use of Symbols and Symbolism in The Awakening1292 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Symbolism in Chopins The Awakening The Awakening is a novel full of symbolism; within each narrative segment there is often a central and powerful symbol that serves to add meaning to the text and to underline some subtle point Chopin is making. Understanding the meaning of these symbols is vital to a full appreciation of the story. This essay lists some of the major symbols with explanations of their importance. Art becomes a symbol of both freedom and failure. It is through theRead MoreEssay on Use of Symbolism in Chopin’s The Awakening740 Words   |  3 PagesUse of Symbolism in Chopin’s The Awakening --Passage from Chapter X, pgs. 49-50 â€Å"But that night she was like the little tottering, stumbling, clutching child, who all of a sudden realizes its powers, and walks for the first time alone, boldly and with over-confidence. She could have shouted for joy. She did shout for joy, as with a sweeping stroke or two she lifted her body to the surface of the water. A feeling of exultation overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been givenRead MoreReconciling Edna s Suicide And The Criticism Surrounding861 Words   |  4 PagesReconciling Edna’s Suicide and the Criticism Surrounding† by Mary Bird. The first essay I read was titled â€Å"Reconciling Edna’s Suicide and the Criticism Surrounding† by Mary Bird. In this essay she reveals two point of views about Edna’s death. Bird presents two thesis statements. The first thesis is â€Å"†¦awakening is one of mental clarity, and her suicide is a triumphant act. By committing suicide Edna is finally freeing herself from social constraints and possession.† The second thesis is â€Å"Edna’s awakingRead More Jonathan Edwards the Great Preacher Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthe era, he spearheaded the Great Awakening. â€Å"This was a time when the intense fervor of the first Puritans had subsided somewhat† (Heyrmen 1) due to a resurgence of religious zeal (Stein 1) in colonists through faith rather than predestination. Jonathan Edwards however sought to arouse the religious intensity of the colonists (Edwards 1) through his preaching. But how and why was Edwards so successful? What inf luenced him? How did he use diction and symbolism to persuade his listener, and whatRead More The Importance of the Sea in The Awakening Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Sea in The Awakening      Ã‚   Throughout her novel, The Awakening, Kate Chopin uses symbolism and imagery to portray the main characters emergence into a state of spiritual awareness. The image that appears the most throughout the novel is that of the sea. â€Å"Chopin uses the sea to symbolize freedom, freedom from others and freedom to be ones self† (Martin 58). The protagonist, Edna Pontellier, wants that freedom, and with images of the sea, Chopin shows Ednas awakening desire to be freeRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1563 Words   |  7 Pages The Awakening by Kate Chopin The title of Kate Chopin’s novella is significant and full of enriched symbols that reflect Edna’s Awakening. Edna is waking up her understanding of herself as an individual. Not as a mother nor a wife, but who she is as a woman and a sexual being. Throughout the novel, there are a few distinct types of awakenings; from her awakening to herself as an artist, realizing that she can have her own opinion over what kind of music she liked, and the most important, Edna realizedRead MoreThe Awakening, by Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe Awakening is a story based around a woman, Edna Pontieller, during the nineteenth century that has decided that she is not like all the additional women in her life because she questions her life ambitions and dreams and realizes that she does not fit into the usual role of a wife and mother. The Awakening begins on Grand Isle, an island off the coast of Louisiana and then to the state of Louisiana and then the story ends on Grand Is le. This story focuses on metaphors, symbolism, differenceRead More Comparing the Symbology and Imagery in T. S. Eliot’s Poetry Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pages In the poems â€Å"The Love Song by J. Alfred Prufrock,† written in 1910, published in 1915, and â€Å"Rhapsody on a Windy Night,† written in 1917, both of which were written by poet and literary-critic T. S. Eliot, the symbolism and imagery of the women represented in mythological means, the locations and landscapes that both protagonists wander through or plan on going to, and the nature that is used in both poems are very similar, yet uniquely different. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is aboutRead MoreEveryday Use by Alice Walker: A Look at Symbolism and Family Values879 Words   |  4 Pageshappen to anyone. Walker uses the symbolic two quilts to represent the true respects to sentimental value and preservation of family heritage. Nancy Tuten was quoted saying, â€Å"Commen taries on Alice Walkers Everyday Use typically center on Mamas awakening to one daughters superficiality and to the others deep-seated understanding of heritage†(Tuten). Because, the quilts had been made by the grandmother’s hands, the work that went into the quilts is the reason for importance of saving or preserving

Analysis Of Shane Koyczan And Many Artists - 1160 Words

â€Å"To this day† is a spoken word poem and video illustration by Shane Koyczan and many artists. It was created in 2013 with the purpose of effectively spreading the convincing message that bullying is a real and serious thing that is too often dismissed as normal and not acted upon as the serious thing it is. 2013 was shortly after the new large push against bullying which is likely one large reason as to the creation and popularity of this work. However even with the anti-bullying movement it would not have become popular if it was not in itself an effective piece at conveying its own point against bullying and contributing to the cause. Koyczan made his piece so successful by successfully using ethos and pathos to make hard hitting grounded points to his purpose. He also used small amounts of logos but it was not a majorly effective part of his piece. Ethos is the way the writer creates a persona that allows the audience to see them as trustworthy, relatable, knowledgeabl e, and as someone with authority. Then uses these to convince an audience of their point. This is use of ethos effectively done in the creation of koyczan’s poem â€Å"to this day†. He shows his reliability and knowledge to the viewer by showing them that he has personal experience with the main topic. He tells the story of his pain when he was bullied and how simple name calling left lasting effects on him personally. This not only lets the viewer see that he has a reliable viewpoint, it shows that he has

Understanding Native American History Free Essays

American history is filled with glorious accomplishments that Americans love to point out when saying how great a country this is. Certainly, America is a great country, and as countries go, it has probably done enough now to forever remain as one of the great countries ever to exist on the planet. Perhaps it will someday go down in history beside Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and other great civilizations of the past that have made their mark on human history, but along with its greatness, America has enough faults and shame to give pause for thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Native American History or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a country of immigrants, America has historically mistreated its immigrants, especially the Chinese, the Japanese and today the Chicanos. Despite their efforts to get away from religious persecution, the pilgrims were not so eager to avoid religiously persecuting others and forcing their religion upon everyone. Everyone is keenly aware of how America enslaved the blacks and then held them down as second class citizens or less after slavery was more or less begrudgingly abolished. Black Americans were not properly treated in American until the 1970s and even today blacks suffer from the vestiges of past slavery. Yet, with all of the two-sided treatment and mistreatment of so many cultures that have today merged within the amalgamated American culture, with all of the irony and tragedy of those mergers, perhaps none is any more tragic than that of the American Indian.   With all the Native Americans who lived in this country when Europeans arrived, today there are only an estimated 2.75 million remaining.   They are probably the only ethnic group whose numbers in America have fallen since the arrival of Europeans. While the number of Native Americans in the country when Europeans arrived is speculative, it is estimated that there were between 60 and 100 million Natives here when Europeans arrived and that by 1650, the Native population had already decreased by 90 percent due largely to the introduction of European diseases into the Native populations. (MacCleery, 2004) While Black Americans have more or less assimilated into American society despite the mistreatment they suffered, nothing could be further from the truth for Native Americans.   Blacks can be found in large numbers all over the country with few exceptions other than the northwest where there are still areas where people have never seen blacks or rarely do, yet one would be hard pressed to find a Native American in the US away from the reservation. When encountered, they would usually be mistaken for something other than a Native American and always, always they will be speaking a foreign language, usually English, Spanish or both. Forced to abandon their native language, many young Indians today cannot speak their native language and others won’t speak it expect to other Natives, and while blacks can occasionally be heard asking for â€Å"reparations† for the wrongs that were committed against them during slavery (those who were wronged are dead) such that their ancestors (those now alive) get to reap the benefits for the suffering of their ancestors, nobody is available to speak up for the Native American who still suffers today in ways that blacks and other ethnic groups do not. Certainly, blacks no longer have their native tongue, but it was not forced out of them in the same way and there was no effort to Americanize blacks.   To the contrary, blacks were maintained separate while the effort towards natives was more like the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany.   Whites on the Plains sometimes killed Indians just because they were Indian somewhat like the extermination of the aborigines in Tasmania who were actually, literally hunted down to extinction! Between 1803 and 1833 the Aboriginal population of Tasmania went from 5,000 to around 300 and by early in the 20th century they became virtually extinct, their original languages lost.   Native Americans were intentionally subjected to a similar fate and today their languages are also being lost, this despite the fact that the language of the Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. assault in the Pacific war against the Japanese from 1942 until 1945. The very languages which helped to save America were not allowed to be spoken among the Natives!   What right do blacks and others have for reparations for what their ancestors suffered when Native Americans are still living basically on reservations in the 21st Century and get virtually nothing? There is no doubt that the survival of the first Europeans to America was due in large part to the ability of the native peoples already here to survive and thrive in this country—in their own land. Even today, each year we celebrate Thanksgiving because we realize that the new visitors to this country owed their survival and existence to the knowledge and ingenuity of the native peoples who were already here. Yet, most Americans today fail to realize the true diversity of the native peoples who already existed here when Europeans arrived. It is estimated that humans lived in North America up to 12,000 years ago and perhaps as much as 40,000 years ago certainly calling into question Bible stories of Adam and Eve a mere 6,000 years in the past. When Europeans arrived, the Native Americans were a vast diversity of cultures, nations and religions that ranged from one coast to the other, people living together in harmony with their environment and with their fellow Native Americans at times, living very much out of harmony with their fellow Native Americans at others.   As was true in Europe, all was not always calm and peaceful co-existence between the various a sundry â€Å"races† and tribes of the Native countries. Native nations differed in terms of their religious beliefs, cultural habits, dietary habits, migratory habits, religions and more, sometimes bringing them at odds with one another, especially in terms of competition for food and perhaps at times for living space. The American mistreatment of the Native peoples they found here began even before the Revolutionary war.   The very natives who saved the lives of the first colonists and pilgrims were treated like second class citizens or not as citizens at all.   By the time of the Revolutionary War, Native Americans had already felt the encroachment of the white Europeans on native lands.   When over two-hundred Iroquois, Shawnees, Cherokees, Creeks and others visited St. Louis in 1784, they were already feeling displaced. One said, â€Å"The Americans, a great ambitious and numerous than the English, put us out of our lands, forming therein great settlements, extending themselves like a plague of locusts in the territories of the Ohio River which we inhibit.† (Galloway, p. 158)   In May 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed in Congress. It authorized the president to negotiate treaties to remove all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. This led to surveyors, squatters and a campaign of harassment against Natives such as the Cherokee. While the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the Act, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the court had no jurisdiction over the case since Cherokees were not U.S. citizens or an independent nation. (Garrison, pp. 1-12)   This is certainly a sad state of affairs for the Native peoples of American, one for which there has never been a true champion and which has great significance for the way in which Native Americans still live today. Early in the 20th Century, Joseph Dixon wrote an aptly named book entitled The Vanishing Race that detailed many of the struggles and travails of the Native American. With all of the struggles and travails of the Native American, it was not until December 8, 1911 that President Taft signed a bill passed by Congress granting a United States Reservation and the erection of a National Indian Memorial (Dixon, p. xx). Dixon speaks of an â€Å"Expedition of Citizenship to all tribes of American Indians†, an effort to extend friendship to all Indians and to have them unite so as â€Å"to raise the same flag and sign the same pledge of loyalty and receive at the hands of his representative an American Flag†¦that they might call their own.† (Dixon, p. xxii), but while at the time, this might have been viewed as a sign of advancement by white America, it was no more than further evidence of the forced assimilation and continued mistreatment of the Native Americans who were being robbed of their land, their customs, their language, their religion and forced to assimilate into and assume the American culture strange to them and certainly not their own. For example, Calloway speaks of how the far ranging Comanche bands came together as a nation in the 1870s after they were confined to a reservation. (pp. 339-40)   These nomadic people became a â€Å"Nation† more or less because they were forced to do so. In the 1870s and continuing through the 20th Century, native Americans in defense of their homeland who had once suffered military attacks (and still did in the 1870s and beyond) from invading Europeans suffered a different king of attack, the efforts to Americanize the Natives, an effort to reform the native â€Å"savages† as they were called by forcing them into the European ways of life.   Indians were relocated, forced to wear European attire, to cut their hair and to speak the European languages. Christian missionaries played a large role in this effort as the missionaries simultaneously tried to convert the â€Å"savages† to Christianity and to Christ.   As reformer Helen Hunt Jackson put it in her 1881 book, A Century of Dishonor, those who believed that the United States should extend their blessings to the Natives could see that what was happening was just the opposite. Natives were being â€Å"(shot)†¦down in the snow.† (p. 335) It was a concerted effort to remake the Natives by transforming them into the image of white America and it was met with resistance by the natives. Natives, many of whom migrated with their food supply, the weather and the seasons, were forced to adapt to and adopt strange, European ways. While Europeans claimed a kinship to the land, that kinship was very different from that of many natives. The idea of owning land seemed strange to the natives, and being tied to a specific region to till the soil as farmers was not the native idea of kinship to the land. As Europeans pushed West in their quest for â€Å"Manifest Destiny,† they progressively displaced the natives by killing their food supplies, searching for yellow iron (gold), stealing the Natives’ horses and more. Chief Joseph said, â€Å"For a short time, we lived quietly. But this could not last†¦The white men told lies for each other. They drove off a great number of our cattle†¦ We had no friend who would plead our cause before the law councils.†   What Chief Joseph saw happening was common all across the new continent—new to Europeans.   After the Civil war, the efforts at Manifest Destiny continued and increased. â€Å"Winning the West† was a national goal that led European settlers to move into native lands in greatly increasing numbers. So, the native peoples were being robbed, displaced, involuntarily acculturated, tied to the land in ways that were very un-native, and more. While Europeans forced natives into one compromise after another, the growing sentiment among the invading Europeans was that Indians should be treated as wards of the government rather than as independent nations. (Galloway, p. 271) Today Indian tribes enjoy the unique political status as sovereign nations within the United States, a status they already enjoyed before the arrival of Europeans. They have managed to regain what they lost at the hands of the Europeans, but only after paying a terrible price and being nearly exterminated and what they have today is only a shadow of what they had in the past. Certainly, Americans are essentially oblivious to the plight of the Native Americans.   There has never been a successful spokesman for them, no eloquent Martin Luther King and Cesar Chavez for the American Natives.   Those who existed in the 19th century were quickly killed, imprisoned or ignored as were the few whites who stood up to champion the cause of the Natives, among them former President Herbert Hoover. Therefore, today, while many Americans are at least vaguely familiar with the plight, suffering, indignity suffered and torture of the African slave, few Americans know the true story of the Native Americans and their suffering, suffering that continues even to the present time.   We need a better understanding of what they have suffered in the past and what they continue to suffer even in the present, how they were dispossessed from their lands, moved elsewhere and basically ignored even to the present. Finding a reasonable way to compensate them will not be easy.   Indeed, compensation is probably impossible.   Who can compensate the Tasmanian peoples now that they have been exterminated?   Likewise, who can compensate the Native Americans not that they have been dispossessed and nearly wiped out?   Their story is one that is seldom told even today and is generally distorted when told.   Can we as Americans continue to live with this situation?   Perhaps we can, but should be?   I believe that the answer to that question is, â€Å"No!† References Dixon, Joseph Kossuth.   The Vanishing Race. The Last Great Indian Council.   Philadelphia, PA: National American Indian Memorial Association Press, 1925. Galloway, Colin.   First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2004. Garrison, Tim Alan.   The Legal Ideology of Removal:   The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations.   University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 2002, pp. 1-12. Jackson, Helen Hunt.   A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government’s Dealings With Some of the Indian Tribes.   New York, NY:   Harper Brothers, 1885. MacCleery, Doug.   The Role of American Indians in Shaping The North American Landscape, Forest History Society, 2 November, 2004, 12 June, 2007. How to cite Understanding Native American History, Essay examples

Carrying Capacity free essay sample

The carrying capacity is the size of a population that can live indefinitely using the resources available where that population lives 2. For example, consider an island onto which is dropped a colony of rabbits. As long as there is an adequate supply of food and water, the rabbits will not only survive but they will reproduce and the colony will get larger. 3. The rabbit population can continue to grow as long as food and water are adequate. However, if at some point, there are more rabbits that there is food to feed them, then the rabbit population will start to decline pic] [pic] Biotic Potential 4. Biotic potential  is the maximum  reproductive  capacity of a  population   if resources are unlimited. Full expression of the biotic potential of an organism is restricted by environmental resistance , any condition that inhibits the increase in number of the population. 5. It is generally only reached when environmental conditions are very favorable. We will write a custom essay sample on Carrying Capacity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A species reaching its biotic potential would exhibit exponential  population growth and be said to have a high  fertility, that is, how many offspring are produced per mother Environmental Resistance 6. The effect of physical and biological factors in preventing a species from reproducing at its maximum rate. factors  in an  environment  such as predators,   competition,  climate, and  food availability, that keep its various populations  from reaching their maximum  growth  potential [pic] Exponential Growth 7. Rapid Growth of organisms multiplying in each generation 8. If a population has a constant birth rate through time and is never limited by food or disease, it has what is known as exponential growth. With exponential growth the birth rate alone controls how fast (or slow) the population grows.

Si Se Puede free essay sample

Si se puede, yes it can be done, was the phrase little eight year old me and my six year old sister chanted through my cramped, tiny townhome in the suburbs of Montgomery Village, MD after watching Gotta Kick it Up! on Disney Channel. The smells of rich Peruvian chicken being roasted from the oven greeted our noses as we marched to our chant towards our mother who was setting the table in the kitchen. She started pumping her fist in the air as she encouraged our chant. My sister and I started to laugh as she started to salsa dance to our mantra. My mom then grabbed both of our hands, knelt in front of us, stared us in the eyes, and said, â€Å"Never let go of the phrase. Even when things seem impossible, anything can be accomplished with hard work. Si se puede!† She then got up and we all started to dance while setting the table. We will write a custom essay sample on Si Se Puede or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is now 9 years in the future and this memory has been embedded in my mind since it occurred. The voice of my mom teaching us this lesson pops into my conscience each time I encounter an obstacle such as when trying to make new friends at a new high school in Urbana, MD during my freshmen year or when learning the hardest chapter in Calculus. This phrase has been the reason behind my disciplined work ethic and it echoes in my mind every day. From my Peruvian mother, I gain my vivacious, loud, and bubbly personality that is exhibited when around friends or family. However, I am also reserved, composed, and kind; traits I received from my Chilean dad. Mix all these in a pot and you get the recipe for me; a dish called Si se puede.

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Example

Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Example Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay Understanding Urban Landscapes Essay Essay The outgrowth of modern urban planning is as a consequence of attempts that are directed at turn toing and work outing the societal jobs that result due to the increased rural to urban migration. The figure of persons traveling into urban countries in hunt for better work chances keeps increasing quickly by the twenty-four hours. It has hence become important for alterations to be made and implemented in the manner edifices are designed and planned so as to cover with this state of affairs. The postmodern bend in architecture and planning is nevertheless non equipped good plenty to get by with these societal issues as it merely focuses on peculiar demands. illusions and wants. Modernists’ thought of urban planning and development focal points on large-scale. technologically rational and metropolitan-wide urban programs that are efficient that are characterized by no-frills architecture ( Harvey. 1989 ) . Post modernism architecture alternatively displays a construct of urban planning as a mixture of past signifiers of design superimposed upon each and current utilizations most of which are passing. The fact that city can merely be commanded in spots has made urban design ( postmodern bend in architecture ) to be merely sensitive to local histories. peculiar societal demands and wants and common traditions therefore bring forthing architectural signifiers that are specialized and extremely customized that scope from may run from confidant and infinites that are personalized through memorials that are traditional to spectacle merriment booming to give appealing and singular architectural manners. Post modern bend in architecture and planning has besides departed from modern be aftering constructs of how infinite is regarded. Modern be aftering perceives infinite as a thing to be shaped and created for societal intents hence ever subservient to societal undertaking building. Postmodern bend in architecture and planning nevertheless perceive infinite as an independent and independent thing that should be shaped in conformity to aesthetic purposes and values which do non needfully hold anything to make with accomplishing a societal nonsubjective except possibly for their timeless beauty ( Relph. 1987 ) . This paper seeks to find if this bend is better equipped to cover with the societal issues for which modern planning was implemented for. It can be comfortably argued that the London act of 1895 laid the foundation for modern planning that emerged on the content. This act regulated the tallness of edifices on specific sites. As old ages went by. alterations and developments were made on the Act which finally led to the geometric unadorned manners that characterize modernism that dominated urban landscapes content all over the universe ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . Modern planning was implemented to better the life conditions of urban countries. Initially urban planning aimed at work outing jobs that were present in urban countries by beautification of edifices and building of gardens. This did non work out and the aim was shifted to planing and creative activity of good residential houses and vicinities in urban countries. This displacement is really what founded the signifiers and forms of modern metropoliss. Modern urban be aftering emerged as a consequence of industrialisation which caused several people to travel to urban countries where the industries were based in hunt of occupations. Industrialization was blamed for working workers and doing inequalities in life conditions. Persons in urban countries lived in hapless conditions such that they had hapless lodging. exposed to bad air. unequal H2O and hapless wellness Urban planning hence aimed at bettering these conditions and turn toing the societal demands of those who resided in urban countries ( Relph. 1987 ) . This was done through enaction of municipal by-laws that governed and regaled the criterions of edifices. town layouts and mold of industrial towns. The by-laws besides ensured edifice patterns particularly those that concerned fire and general safety of occupants were observed. Minimal criterions were set for door and window sizes. Later. criterions that regulated the breadth of the street between edifices. size of the backyard and tallness of edifices were besides implemented ( Cohen. 1981 ) . As old ages went by and the population in urban countries increased. so were alterations made on the by-laws to suit the immense Numberss. Such alterations were chiefly made on highs of edifices increasing them so that a big figure of persons could be supported on a little country of land. Building patterns that concerned safety and wellness were nevertheless maintained. These programs aimed at keeping general cleanliness and wellness of town inhabitants. They besides went out of the vicinity and sought to guarantee that conveyance was equal and efficient in urban countries. The by-laws regulated how far from the railroad lines and roads the edifices were constructed. Streets and railroad lines were improved and illuming provided to heighten efficiency in going even at dark. These programs directed where stores. schools and other institutes would be located in urban countries. The constructs of these programs have had a great impact on modern urban landscape though non in the manner the early contrivers had hoped for ( full modern civilisation in all facets including societal ) . The impact can merely be seen in the in things such as traffic circles. u-loops. vicinity programs and the unintegrated orderly land-use zones. Their precious hopes and thoughts for Reconstruction of urban Centres and societal reforms have yielded really small. These thoughts have fundamentally either been simplified and turned to theoretical accounts that are either used in schoolrooms. adjusted to planning tools that are extremist for vicinity planning and urban Centre districting. bureaucratically modified. politically adapted for exigencies or eroded so that their application and disposal can be easy. Urban be aftering alternatively of concentrating at run intoing societal demands. it has turned to be a motion whose chief purpose is merely to do metropoliss function expeditiously more in the same as mills do. These alterations therefore resulted to what is now referred to as postmodern bend in architecture and planning. This bend is characterized by cost effectivity where the builders and interior decorators aim at salvaging cost of edifice and doing them low income undertakings. They are characterized by holding flats. stores. establishments such as categories and babe attention centres all in one edifice. This is unlike the thought the early urban contrivers had in head of a good metropolis where these installations were located in a comfy walking distance from residential countries. The job of this design where everything is housed under one roof is that growing through extension by breadth or length can non be achieved. Growth in these edifices is merely possible done generation as they no longer have the rectangular form that was required of all edifices ; they nevertheless are built in conformity with the owners’ desires who want the edifices to be distinctively different from others. This has resulted to the outgrowth of edifices that are of all kinds of forms. Postmodernist architecture and planning is considered non to hold any life as there is no clear differentiation between public environment and private belongings ( Cohen. 1981 ) . This is to connote that it has truly messed up with the environment as it is chiefly characterized by edifices and fencings and as nil is being done to continue the environment. Postmodernist architecture provides no healthy environment to the metropolis inhabitants as was intended by modern urban planning. This bend is really important as it has had a great impact on the lives of people who reside in the urban Centres Harvey. 1989 ) . The current architecture is said to typify poorness which is worse than the slums it is seeking to acquire off from. It is argued that the postmodern bend in architecture and planning does non supply nice lodging and societal proviso ( Best A ; Kellner. 1997 ) . The civilization and civic Centres presented provided by station modern architecture for illustration are argued non to hold all the needed installations such as book shops that are utile to the populace. The interior decorators in postmodern architecture and planning are besides accused of being insensitive to self variegation amongst the metropolis occupants and non doing any attempts towards supplying it as perceive it to be ugly and irrational and that it could do pandemonium. Urban occupants are besides comfy by the absence of self-diversification and seem non to trouble oneself about sing it as a demand. Switch and development in engineering has to a great extent contributed postmodern architecture and planning. It makes it possible for the interior decorators to pass on with clients and orient the designs so that they meet all the maps. cultural gustatory sensations and state of affairss. These interior decorators work to run into all the ends of their clients claiming to encompass democracy and freedom. But so they ignore the struggles that could originate between jurisprudence and democracy and the hits that exist between justness and freedom. The jobs faced by the minorities and those who are unprivileged are normally ignored ( Silver. 1996 ) . Development in communicating engineering and through the postmodern architecture has made it impossible for vicinities to turn to their ain jobs and state of affairss doing it difficult for them to develop. The modern planetary metropoliss have emerged as a consequence of alterations in cooperation. They are designed such that they serve as Centres for concern activities. Most concerns seek to do net incomes therefore will cut on costs in all ways including edifice building in footings of design and functionality. This is one of the grounds as to why most edifices are multi functional ( Johnson. 1970 ) . Postmodernist architecture is market orientated and is non in any equipt to cover with societal issues. It is chiefly focused to run into the desired of the proprietors who do non see the demands of the metropolis inhabitants. The demands of the hapless are non addressed the same manner those of the rich are. Diverse counter cultural elements have besides been ignored by postmodern architecture and planning ( Saskia. 1996 ) . Postmodernist architecture and planning has reduced environmental criterions as it has makes no attempt towards conserving the environment. It besides is private focussed and has no topographic point for the populace. It has made populating conditions in urban countries worse instead than bettering them. This goes particularly for the hapless and minorities whose demands are ever swept under the rug as those of the wealthy are addressed. It can hence be concluded that postmodern bend in architecture and planning is non good equipped to get by with the societal issues that modern urban planning was intended for. Word Count 1650. Mentions Best. S A ; Kellner. D. . ( 1997 ) . The Postmodern Turn. New York. NY Guilford Press. Cohen. R. ( 1981 ) â€Å"The New International Division of Labour. Mulitinational Corporations and Urban Hierarchy† . From M. Dear A ; A. J Scott ( explosive detection systems ) . Urbanization and Urban planning in Capitalist Societies ( 1981 ) . London. Taylor A ; Francis. Harvey. D. ( 1989 ) . Postmodernism in the City: Architecture and Urban Design† in conditions of postmodernity. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. Johnson. E. A ( 1970 ) . The Organization of Space in Developing Countries. Cambridge. Ma: Havard University Press Relph. E. ( 1987 ) . The Invention of Modern Town planning. London. Taylor A ; Francis. Saskia. S. ( 1996 ) . Cities and Communities in the Global Economy from American behavioral scientist. New York. New york: Routledge Silver. C. ( 1996 ) . Planing the Twentieth-century American City. Baltimore. Mendelevium: JHU Press. Global webs. linked metropoliss

Technology in international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology in international business - Essay Example If one tries to find out the huge impact of Web 2.0 on the social sphere, the search should start from the 2008 US presidential election. The election witnessed the use of social networking and YouTube for passing information and videos. In fact, President Obama even announced the vice presidential selection via text message. However, the question here is to analyse how the tool can be used to enhance cross-cultural team performance, for example, that of a virtual team. At this stage, it is easy to proceed if one knows the ‘Container Model of Learning (Knowledge Transfer) and Communication. As Jin, Mason & Yim (n.d.) point out, according to the model, if A and B are two entities, and if A communicates its knowledge to B, both A and B get the knowledge that initially resided only with A. 1. One can undoubtedly say that Web 2.0 technologies can greatly enhance team work, especially when they are virtual teams, by enhancing collaboration and sharing of information. In fact, Web 2. 0 helps teams to bring their core project management process online. At that stage, using social networking like Facebook makes the project process visible to all members of the team, irrespective of geographical area and time. Additionally, there is Wiki where all team members can update the status of tasks as required. In addition, there is blogging to mention. It seems that Web 2.0 offers much more than what is required to have proper communication and collaboration in teams. Also, the benefit of using Social networking platforms like MySpace for interaction cannot be neglected. Such networks allow invisible human networks. If properly used, these networks can function as sources of expertise that can be made available whenever and wherever required. As experts observe, communication is the main hurdle that hinders cross cultural communication most of the time. However, computer environments have offered a much greater possibility of communication, though there still are problems . Email, instant messenger, and chatting communication allow constant communication that was impossible earlier. In fact, many Web 2.0 tools can be used as communication tools. The list is long and vibrant, ranging from Blogs, Wikis, Flickr, podcasts, and videos. In addition are social networking sites like MySpace, and Facebook. There are tools that facilitate person-to-person and group-to-group communication. Some of them are email, IM, text messaging, Google Groups, and Web conferencing (Thing 7. Web 2.0 communication tools). It seems that Web 2.0 opens up a whole new arena of interaction and cooperation in international organizations. For example, webcam enabled video conferencing allows instant face to face communication, though this will not be so interesting for non-English speaking countries. However, one cannot deny if it is claimed that collaborative blogs can help members communicate effectively, share views, and thus result in better team performance. In addition, everyo ne knows how a wiki can be used to analyse controversial issues. It is very evident that it will be interesting to see how staff from various cultural backgrounds interact and reach better rapport. In addition, Google documents can be used to promote writing on the development of intercultural competencies, and this will help

Building and a Fire Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Building and a Fire Code - Essay Example Adoption of new or revised building codes cannot be applied to existing buildings unless it has been modified or renovated. A new or revised fire code applies retroactively to all structures and conditions within. All hazardous conditions that were not previously marked as such are required to be addressed. Codes are usually updated every three years by the International Code Council (ICC) and the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) but adoption of these is still the discretion of state and local agencies. If it is not adopted, it is not enforceable. What is common between the building and the fire code is that it relies on standards for the regulation of building systems. Fire protection standards are important references for a building code as it is used, for example, in the ratings of fire doors and fire walls. An example of a standard is the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) E-119 otherwise known as the Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Nonetheless, building codes go beyond fire protection measures and incorporates structural details for the durability of buildings and other protective measures for other scenarios such as seismic activity and noise control.

Analyze woman's social status in pre-modern societies Essay

Analyze woman's social status in pre-modern societies - Essay Example First, it is important to note that the procedure of foot binding is lasting and rather painful. Small girls’ feet were bound or rather broken to prevent the feet from growing in a natural way and to make them look like â€Å"three-inch lilies† (qtd. in Whitefield 204). The feet never healed and women with the ‘three-inch lilies’ were never seen with bare feet, as limited circulation resulted in rotting flesh. Women often felt sick when washing their feet because of the unpleasant smell (Whitefield 204). It is needless to say that men never saw their wives’ feet and did not want to think about the real appearance of the ‘three-inched lilies’. All these biological peculiarities seemed to have little or no impact on the way the tradition evolved prior to the middle of the nineteenth century. It is necessary to note that the history of this tradition dates back to the period of the Song dynasty. There are different theories concerning origins of the tradition. According to the â€Å"likeliest theory†, it first appeared in the imperial court and then spread among â€Å"upper-class elites† (Whitefield 205). The fashion had a significant impact on the society in general and marital traditions, in particular. To marry successfully, young women (as well as their parents) had to follow the new rules and mothers started binding their daughters’ feet. Hence, it all started as an idea of beauty. Blake notes that there is an erotic aspect as foot binding was regarded as a â€Å"feminine mystique designed to please men† (676). Hence, men thought it was beautiful for a girl to have tiny feet and a new standard was established. Women had another view on the practice. As has been mentioned above, mothers and grandmothers wanted their daughters to have more chances to marry successfully and they bound their daughters’ feet to make them fit into the world of specific standards. Thus, the tradition was seen as something natural and something that provided

The planning of change in an Organization

The planning of change in an Organization In this assignment background to organisational change will be discussed as well as the model of change and intervention techniques. Furthermore, needs and factors leading toward change will be discussed for chosen organisation and in the third part process to involve stakeholder in change will be described, in the last model of change will be developed to explain internal and external environment of organisation. For this task learner has chosen a company named Thomas cook which is Tourism Company. Thomas Cook group is a very vast group which deals in holidays planning, flights, cruises and flights. They organise all kind of holidays for all kind of people from all fields of life. They are one of the largest groups in the world through their mergers and partnerships. Thomas cook was just small firm who organise small tour but through the different changes they have become one the giants in the tourism market. Thomas cook first tour was organised way back in 5th July 1841 which was only 12 miles of train tour and now Thomas cook is second largest tourism group in UK and Ireland with around 19000 employees part of the company. Thomas cook group is not only tour operator but they 27 hotels in different part of the world and at the same time they have launched Thomas cook airline in U.K (Thomas Cook Plc, 2010). 1.1 MODELS OF CHANGE 1.1.1 ADKAR PROSCIS FIVE BUILDING BLOCKS ADKAR model consists of five steps. This is model which involves change which is directly related to the individual and to bring change in any organisation it is important to change individual thoughts. AWARENESS This is very important phase of the change in any organisation that how someone creates the awareness in the individual and communicate the information to everyone. Understanding why change is necessary is the first key aspect of the successful change. This step explains explain reasoning and thoughts that underlies a required change. Planned communication is communication is essential. When this step is fully completed then individual will understand why change is necessary (Change management coach, 2011). DESIRE Once the awareness among the staff is created for change it will bring desire among them to support and be part of the change. Desire to support can be achieved through giving individual incentives. KNOWLEDGE Knowledge about change can be achieved through coaching, normal training methods and education of employees. Through this employees can be informed and trained how to change and once the changed happened how to implement. ABILITY Ability to implement required skills and behaviours to change is very vital. In those theories which are learned in previous blocks needs to implemented in action. This can take some time so individual need support and couching to achieve objectives. REINFORCEMENT This is very important block of this model because once change is happened it is essential to sustain it so employees do not revert back to old structure and style of working and this can be achieved through monitoring and positive feedbacks. 1.1.2 KURT LEWIN (Unfreeze, Change, Freeze) UNFREEZE: The most important factor or phase of change is to understand the need of change and the right time for the change. As said earlier it is the difficult phase of change as most of individual do not like to change the way they are working. To change motivation plays very important role if motivation is high it is easy to bring change if the motivation is low then people resist changing. CHANGE Once it is understood that change is required then the next part of process is change because during this process people fear about their future and they are very cautious to go toward new way of work or new style of management, furthermore as this is not easy time people need time to adjust to new condition and style of working and they need time and space and guidance to achieve the require goals(Change management coach, 2011). FREEZE Last stage of Kurt Levin change model is freeze this is stage is all about maintaining all the changes which were made during previous stages and this can be achieve through monitoring and keep close look on all the matters regarding organisation. If close monitoring is not properly done then there are chances of people going back to old way of working (Change management coach, 2011). 1.1.3 McKINSEYS MODLE OF 7S Strategy Plan for organisation to reach their target and goal is called strategy. It is very important part of this model as it defines the future objectives for organisation. Structure Structure is another important part for organisation as it covers all part of the organisation and it is vital for organisation to have strong structure to develop and achieve their goal and objectives. System The procedure and way to do organisational routine work which needs to be done on daily basis. Skills It is qualities and abilities of an individual or organisation Staff Staffs are the people who work for organisation one agenda or objectives Style It is very important part for any organisation because style of working directly affects outcome of the organisation. 1.2: RELEVANCE OF THE CHANGE MODEL IN THOMAS COOK IN THE CURRENT ECONOMY Current economic situation is affecting every business of the world and most of the businesses are suffering and are unable to achieve their objectives. Under the current economic situation it is very important for Thomas Cook to understand the need of the change to keep growing and get further success and if they do not able to understand the need of current economic situation and need of change it will be hard Thomas Cook to sustain the success they achieved. There are lot of change model which can give guidance to organisations to bring change and formulate strategy. According to current economic situation and current position of Thomas cook ADKAR model of change can bring lot of benefit and improvement in the business of Thomas cook. It is very important for the management of Thomas Cook to create awareness to their employees about the current situation of economy and awareness should be given to them how change is essential for organisation and employees. Also, desire for something plays vital role and Thomas Cook wants to bring change to it is important for them to tell their employees about benefits and incentive of change so desire can be created in the employees that change will not only bring benefit for organisation but also them. Once desire is being created it is very important for Thomas Cook to arrange some programme for training and education which can help their employees to deal with upcoming changes and challenges. In this stage management of Thomas Cook needs to support the employees to enhance their ability achieve objectives. In the last stage it is essential for Thomas Cook to have very close monitoring of the employees behaviour and working style so that they can revert to old ways of working. 1.3 VALUE OF STRATEGIC INVERVENTION TECHNIQUES Strategic intervention techniques plays central role in applying change in an organisation. Through strategic intervention techniques awareness and knowledge can be given about change it gives the better understanding of change to a person. In the case of Thomas Cook, for the planned change to materialize, there is a need for the management to constantly have a teambuilding consensus to encourage individuals to participate in all the activities concerning the operation. Everyone must know that working as a team and fighting the crisis together will help them beat the challenge of the economic downturn. Thomas Cook must minimize the leadership style of being autocratic; hence, a need to exercise more being participative is essential to motivate employees in performing well. In this way, staffs are given the privilege to bring out their ideas for the accomplishment of an objective. Human Process Intervention is also advantageous in implementing changes in Thomas Cook as every individual needs coaching and development. Good interpersonal relationship is very essential in every organization. Because Thomas Cook is a large company, team building is needed for the employees to enhance their skills in mingling with one another so as to excel in developing their marketing skills needed in the business. Problem solving must be given focus so that the organization will have an excellent working environment. As Thomas Cook is a travel and tourist company, external environment will always be taken into consideration. The competition in the market, the present economic situation and the climate in every place will have a great effect in the business. Therefore, to plan for any changes, analysis concerning to external factors of the business must be undergone so as not to waste resources. For instance, fortuitous events like recent massive ashes in Iceland which have caused so much delay in the Europe flights, the threat of terrorist attacks in some countries and the continuous high increase of the cost in travel. These circumstances will have a tremendous effect in the tourism industry because people will tend to stay to their own country for their safety. Strategic intervention techniques are important for the organization to have guidelines on why they do, what they do, and how they are going to do to fulfil the organizations objective. 2. ISSUE RELATING TO STRATEGIC CHANGE IN THOMAS COOK: World is changing rapidly and at the same time demand, need and interest of people are changing with it, world has become a global village so if something happens in one part of the world it affects the other part of the world too. There are current economic issues, political and environmental issues which are the major cause for the change. It is vital for organisation to understand what is happening around them to compete and keep growing, furthermore many organisation doing mergers, acquisition, forming new partnerships in the world which may affect organisations because they are now more linked then compare to past because of globalisation. 2.1 NEEDS FOR CHANGE IN THOMAS COOK Thomas cook is organisation which deals in tourism and hospitality. During the last few years Thomas cook is unable to meet their targets which were set by them; it is becoming very hard for Thomas cook to maintain the success they had for years. Current economic situation is major issue as most of people are struggling with their finance and it is affecting on their way spending too. Those people who were used to go for holidays often now not going for it as it would put extra pressure on them and on their budget. So compare to the previous years Thomas cook is not getting same amount of revenue. Globally tourism has gone down in last couple of years and most of people now do not go for expensive holidays as it is becoming difficult for them. Furthermore some political changes in the world are directly affecting the business of Thomas Cook, for example current political situation in Egypt is disturbing the planning of Thomas Cook as in last few years they have concentrated heavily on Egypt for their tourism business but the current volatile situation is putting off lot of tourist from traveling to Egypt which is putting more burden on the financial status of Thomas Cook. 2.2 FACTORS DRIVING THE CHANGE IN THOMAS COOK: Change is the demand of the time for Thomas Cook because there are so many issues which are demanding change. Major factor which faced by most of the organisation in all kind of field is economic meltdown which is putting lot of pressure on organisation budget as most of them are unable to meet their financial target. So Thomas Cook needs to review their strategy to attract more tourists toward them, furthermore political situation of many countries are damaging the business of Thomas Cook, as they have invested a lot in partnership with different hotel in Egypt for tourist but as the political situation of Egypt is very much shaky and dangerous for the tourist because of this many who in the past like to go places like this but now they are avoiding Egypt, so it is important for Thomas cook to address this issue as it is proving quite destructive for the organisation. It is imperative for Thomas Cook to bring change to address all the issue internally and externally. They need to bring change as current situation in Egypt is affecting them and their investment, so they need to look toward some other market which are more safe and stable politically and economically and where they can attract more tourist for example places like China, Russia they are the places which not only can be hot tourist spots but it can bring lot tourist as well. The change involves a corporate strategy focused on new market, service and new ways of doing business (Tichy, 1983) 2.3 RESOURCE IMPLICATION FOR THOMAS COOK: Resources are most important factor in the growth of the organisation any organisation, without right resources it is hard for organisation to go further to develop and bring changes according to the demand of market and customers. Thomas Cook has to consider resources which may be hurdle for them to bring change in their organisational policies. 2.3.1 FINANCIAL RESOURCES Finance is the biggest issue regarding change in the Thomas cook, as Thomas Cook as put lot of investment in Egypt in hotel industry to attract more tourist toward Egypt but as Egypt internal situation is not very good for tourism so it could be very hard for Thomas cook to invest money in some other project. So at this time it can be one big issue for Thomas Cook if they want to bring change in the policies of organisation, further more in last few years because of economic down fall tourism industry is badly affected and with this situation Thomas Cook is already in bad financial situation so financial resources can be main barrier for Thomas Cook if they want to bring change in the organisation (Thomas Cook Plc, 2010). 2.3.2 HUMAN RESOURCES: To bring change employees have to play vital role in that process but sometime employees do not accept the change as they do not like to change the way they work. First of all as Thomas cook need to give better training to its employees because it is essential for their employees to get further training of marketing to present better but in this case some employees may not like it as some do not like to accept that they are lacking skills and they will not change. Second thing is as Thomas Cook is struggling with finance so they have to consider releasing some pressure from their budget so for that they need to do downsizing in the organisation but again it will not be easy as employees resist again any step like this. 3. TO LEAD STAKEHOLDER IN DEVOPING A STRATEGY FOR CHANGE: It is important to bring involvement of the stakeholders in the overall change process as they are the one who are directly affected by the changes in the organisation. 3.1 SYSTEM TO INVOLVE THE STAKEHOLDER IN PLANNING CHANGE It is very important to understand the how stakeholder should be involved in the change process and this totally depends on the organisation and the way it works. As they are mainly two types of stakeholders internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and involvement of them is very important as they are the one who are linked with organisation. Organisation should consider the suggestion and opinion of the stakeholders and give value to what they think and what is their demand regarding change in the organisation. 3.1.1 INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS INVOVLEMENT IN PLANNING To bring and involve all internal stakeholders in planning the first step is to create awareness about the change and Thomas Cook should provide proper information to its stakeholder about the change and then based on the information it is important to get feedback and suggestion from the stakeholders. Through this process internal stakeholders will be comfortable and will believe they are the part of the organisation and its planning. For this purpose Thomas Cook should make open forum on their website where all employees can go and provide their feedback and they can discuss with each about the planning and change for Thomas Cook, this way it will be easy for employees to say what they want to say and it can help Thomas Cook to get better understanding of employees opinion. 3.1.2 EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDER INVOLVMENT IN PLANNING: External stakeholders are customers who are also affected by the change in the organisation so it is crucial for organisation to get customers involvement in the overall change in the Thomas Cook as whatever change will be planned should be for customers benefit and to provide them better services. To involve them in the process Thomas Cook must conduct survey and get feedback about the organisation from customers and they should be ask what they want to see in the Thomas Cook and what are their demands regarding the organisation. Through this organisation can understand what their external stakeholders want and how they can achieve their satisfaction. 3.2 CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY WITH STAKEHOLDERS: Internal stakeholders are they main player in transforming change in organisation. As currently Thomas Cook is going through tough phase for the reasons which were mentioned earlier so it is important that employees of the Thomas cook should be given more training regarding presentation and marketing of product. This kind of training will help employees to enhance their skills and it will help Thomas cook to get more customers in this tough economic period. External stakeholders are those who get service from the Thomas cook and customers are most important for any organisation. So it is vital that Thomas Cook should keep very close relationship with its customer and they should inform and give proper awareness to the customer about what is organisation going through and what is happening? As in current economic situation it is hard for customer to afford expensive holidays trips so Thomas cook should get feedback from its customer to understand what is right price and affordability for them in this situation, through this it will be easy for them to get change which will help organisation to get better business. 3.3 EVALUATION OF SYSTEM USED TO INVOLVE STAKEHOLDERS: It is very important phase for the Thomas Cook to involve the stakeholder in the change management policies and it will affect the performance of the employees. Through involvement system employees will feel more interested toward their work and it will give them the feel of responsibility toward the organisation, furthermore participation in the management decision can bring lot of motivation among the employees and other stakeholders which make them perform better for the Thomas Cook in this difficult phase of economy, furthermore to involve customer in the system it can be more beneficial for company and opinion of stake holder not only support organisation to understand the need and demand but also gives better understanding of issue and problem regarding performance. 3.4 STRATEGY TO MANAGE RESISTANCE Resistance against change always come, no matter how well prepared and systemized is change, there are always people who will resist against change and bring hurdle against and will take long to accept it, No matter how well designed and planned your change program is, not everyone will be singing its praises (Business Performance, 2011). It is very important for Thomas cook that how they will plan against any sort of resistance and how they will manage it. It is job of management to provide wide range of incentive to those people who will perform well in new condition and announce bonus and promotion for those people who achieve their targets and objectives for Thomas cook, through this way resistance can be reduced among the employees. In some way force and authority can be utilized to implement change in the organisation and message should be given clearly to the employees what Thomas cook will not tolerate anything which is against the company polices. Another way is to explain to all stakeholders how the current situation is not benefiting anyone and tell them if change is not done everybody will suffer and at the same time it is the job of the management to make it crystal clear to everyone that how change will bring improve everyones career. Finally it is the job of the management if any resistance come they should find the reason for that and management should be flexible to listen and talk to those people who are unwilling to accept change, further through this management can understand grass root of the resistance and can handle it better way. 4. PLAN TO IMPLEMENT MODELS FOR ONGOING CHANGE 4.1 APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR CHANGE IN THOMAS COOK Once an organisation is going through a change process it is very critical to use appropriate model of change to keep the process running and on right track because there is possibility of organisation losing their way in the middle of process and it can be a reason for failure of objectives. So for this purpose Kotters 8 step model of change will be used during the change process of Thomas Cook, furthermore it is important for Thomas Cook to establish sense of urgency to keep all stakeholders interest in it and it is important to create vision, look for short term goals, empowering people, developing a strong coalition and stick with the change process. If Thomas Cook can implement kotters 8 step model of change it will be able to guide them through this process of the change and organisation can make progress to achieve set targets and objectives. 4.2 PLAN TO IMPLEMENT MODEL FOR CHANGE It is very important to have right planning and model to bring change in organisation and for this purpose Kotters 8 step of change model will be used to implement change in Thomas cook. 4.2.1 Establish a sense of urgency Establishing a sense of urgency is necessary in gaining the cooperation whis is essential to drive an important change effort. Most organizations dont mind this step, in fact almost 50% of the organizations that fail to implement needed change incur mistakes at the start. Organisation may undermined how hard it is to manoeuvre people out of their comfort zones, or misjudge how fruitfully they have previously performed so, or merely patience are not enough to enhance proper urgency .( Kotter international, 2011) So it is very important for Thomas Cook to understand the need of urgency for establish permanent change in organisation. As current situation of economy is not good and tourist are not coming out to spend, so it is important for vital for Thomas cook to establish sense of urgency in their marketing and should look for different destination for tourist which could bring interest back in tourists. 4.2.2 Creating Powerful Guiding Coalition No one person, no matter how competent, is capable of single handedly developing the right vision, communicating it to vast numbers of people, eliminating all of the key obstacles, generating short term wins, leading and managing dozens of change projects and anchoring new approaches deep in an organizations culture.   The right group of people is necessary to form coalition in leading a change for the organization to succeed. That coalition must have the appropriate components, an important degree of being trustworthy, and a shared objective. ( Kotter international, 2011) Thomas cook should form a strong team of individual from different department who can work together. 4.2.3 Creating the change vision Clear vision serves three significant purposes.   First, it makes complicated decisions into a simpler one.  Next is to encourage individuals to perform in the appropriate direction even though pain has been experienced already on the first step. Subsequently, it aids to synchronize the actions of various people in an outstanding quick and effective means ( Kotter international, 2011). Thomas Cook needs to provide clear path to all its employees about their plan regarding change in the organisation policies. 4.2.4 Communicating the vision To acquire understanding and commitment to a fresh direction is a difficult task most importantly in complex companies and it entails a lots of inconsistency ( Kotter international, 2011). It is essential for Thomas cook to establish good communication through seminars, meeting and internet forums to provide awareness to everyone about vision of the Thomas Cook. 4.2.5 Empowering others to remove obstacles When there is a change there will be obstacles so it is vital for Thomas Cook to understand this issue that during change there will be many hurdles and obstacle will occur and to deal with them it is necessary for them to empower employees to implement the vision of the organisation. These people can motivate other to do better to achieve same kind of incentive and promotion in organisation. During the change process Thomas cook needs to give those employees promotion and incentive that performed better in this process and gives them authority to lead other in change process. 4.2.6 Short -term wins For Thomas Cook in the middle of a long-term change effort, short-term wins are essential.   According to Kotter International, running a change effort without attention to short-term performance is extremely risky. Therefore, getting some targets achieved in early phase of change are very crucial and it gives more encouragement to the staff and the member of the staff. Thomas needs to increase their booking quarterly in location like Russia and china. .   4.2.7 Consolidate Improvement and produce more changes As stated in Kotter International, resistance is often waiting in the wings to reaffirm itself and even if you are successful in the beginning, you may just power resistors underground where they hang around for an opportunity to exist when its not being expected. This is the most critical phase of change when early success is achieved and sometime organisation tend to relax but it is important to understand that relaxation may lead toward failure so its necessary to carry on for further change. After achieving short term objectives it is important for Thomas Cook need to monitor all that process and look for new opportunities to keep on the change process. 4.2.8 Make Change Permanent New practices must grow deep roots in order to remain firmly planted in the culture.   Culture is composed of norms of behaviour and shared values. These social forces are incredibly strong.   Every individual that joins an organization is inculcated into its culture, generally without even realizing it. It is important for Thomas cook to keep very close eye on the system and monitor everything to not let employees to go back to old ways of working; through this changes will become permanent in the organisation. 4.3 APPROPRIATE MEASURES TO MONITOR PROGRESS OF CHANGE: After entering in a change process the main thing is to monitor and measure the progress of the Thomas Cook, Thomas cook need to have system through they can check performance of everyone on short terms and on the basis of this process Thomas Cook will be able to get right judgement of every employee, furthermore after this they can provide further guidance to those who are behind in the process and it can be done through further training and mentoring. On the other hand Thomas cook management must be informed about every step take about the process. 5. CONCLUSION: Thomas cook is being affected by current economic situation and Egypt political condition so to bring change in the company they need to address few issues regarding finance and to achieve their target they need to look for merger and partnerships in other markets. In the current status quo, ADKAR model is advantageous for the business to as it is focused on individual change. On the other hand, for the implementation of the formulated change to Thomas Cook in line with the needs of the company, Kotters 8 steps to successful change is advantageous. Thus, it tackles every aspect of the organization necessary for the desired change.

Societal Norms and Masturbation Essays -- Sociology, Sexuality

Societal norms greatly influence our views and attitudes concerning masturbation. In American society, Psychology Today says people tend to consider masturbation â€Å"as a sexual refuge for singles† who are looking to â€Å"compensate for a lack of sex† (Castleman) and gives others the impression that one who masturbates in inferior or incapable of having sexual relations. However, Castleman’s article references a survey conducted by the University of Chicago that disputes this theory and suggests instead that â€Å"a sexless relationship [will suppress] masturbation† (Castleman). Historically, masturbation was thought to lead to serious medical side-effects; however this is not the case. As more and more doctors medically proved that masturbation is not physically harmful, others looked to support the idea that masturbation could possibly have positive health effects. Both of these factors lead to a greater normalization of masturbation today. Media plays a considerable role in our society’s sexual education and views. Most commonly, the stigma that masturbation is an inferior or weak sexual act crosses our television and computer screens often. For example, both â€Å"That 70s Show† and â€Å"Seinfeld† suggest that those who give in or fail to be â€Å"masters of his domain† (Chaney) are substandard to the rest of society. Physical evidence that masturbation and sexual pleasure are positive behaviors seems to be more evident now than ever before. Not only is the act arousing, but serotonin and â€Å"epinephrine [course] through your body† (Daniels), increasing one’s mood significantly. Also, many researchers argue that people who masturbate have a heightened sense of what pleases them sexually, which often leads to a better intimacy with a partner (... ...t I introduce in their sessions. However, I am concerned that not all participants will be completely honest and candid because of the stigmas inherent in our society. Works Cited Castleman, Michael. "All About Sex." 30 March 2009. Psychology Today. 1 February 2012 . Chaney, Jen. "'Seinfeld,' Four: It's Real and It's Spectacular." 17 May 2005. The Washington Post. 2 February 2012. Daniels, Chris and Jes Levatter. "Masturbation key to healthy, functional sexual relationships." 19 April 2007. The Badger Herald. 31 January 2012. Dolphin, Lambert. Masturbation And The Bible. 5 March 1991. 31 January 2012 . Wells, Ken R. "Masturbation." 2006. Health Line. 2 February 2012 .

Reading Philosophy Essay

In order for a child to excel in school they need to be well versed in reading therefore; I believe that it is vital for all children to learn to read. Not only should reading be a fun and enjoyable experience but something that influences the child to succeed in all subject areas. Reading is an integral part of life that needs to be mastered. A child can master the basics of reading in the early years and should be learned at that time due to the aggravation and frustration of learning those skills later on, as he/she gets older. Although there are many children and adults alike that hate to read it is our job to spark an interest in these children so they will find reading enjoyable. All of the aspects of reading should be equal and balanced in order for the child to learn. Although I loved reading when I was younger, I still had to ingrain this behavior into my own children so they could see reading could be enjoyable and that it was an everyday part of life. One must be aware of the IRA standards for reading professionals before they can begin to deal with the actually reading components and these standards state that not only are professionals suppose to demonstrate knowledge of the major components of reading (phonemic awareness, word identification and phonics, vocabulary and background knowledge, fluency, comprehension strategies, and motivation) but also how all of these standards are the very core in fluent reading. Wide ranges of curriculum materials are needed for effective reading instruction to address all learners and their abilities, which is also stated in the IRA standards. In addition, the many cultural and linguistic backgrounds should be addressed for successful learning. Children need to know that later in life reading is a big component in trying to apply for jobs, reading road maps, and state road signs among other things. One component that is vital to reading is comprehension because a child needs to be able to comprehend exactly what they are reading to understand what is required of them. â€Å"Put Reading First† says good readers are purposeful and active which relates to this aspect. A great deal of research has shown that instruction in comprehension can help children understand the text being read, remember the text and be able to restate it, and be able to communicate what they have read to their peers. In our changing world today, we find that there are so many ways to teach children to read. The one approach that makes practical sense to me is the balanced approach because it is my belief that a child has to have several ways to learn the reading material being presented. Phonics and phonemic awareness are great ways to help a child to read along with sight words and repetition. â€Å"Put Reading First† states that children who have phonemic awareness skills are more likely to have an easier time learning to read and spell than those who do not possess these skills. Also, phonics instruction is essential when a child is learning to read for the very first time. Again, research shows us that in order for our children to read and benefit from phonics the child must have phonemic awareness. Fluency is another factor that comes into play because when students struggle to read they have trouble comprehending the text. Fluency is accomplished only when a child practices constantly so he/she can become proficient because it does not come automatically to them. Furthermore, we have to understand that vocabulary instruction plays a key role in fluent reading and comprehension. These children need a solid base to be able to understand what they are reading and having the background knowledge of vocabulary instruction helps enhance reading for them. Just some of these practices are shared book experiences, language experiences, read alouds, invented spellings and environmental print that can provide them with a way to enhance his/her reading ability. Interactive theories, transactive theories and subskill theories are theories that can be beneficial in planning reading instruction. Subskill theories are a set of subskills that students must master and integrate. We need to understand that these skills are significant because beginning readers may read slow and choppy and this decreases comprehension. Next, we have interactive theories, which depict reading as a combination of both reader-based and text-based. It is a process that is good because it allows the reader to make predictions about how to process the material through a process called top-down processing. All of these theories allow the reader to process material about the print and access background knowledge through a process called bottom-up processing. Lastly, transactive theories are based on Rosenblatt’s belief that reading is a transaction. I believe all these theories and components for reading provide the basis for reading instruction. In order for a child to be a good reader one should have a very rigorous background of reading instruction and have a good deal of knowledge of phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension and fluency so they will become better readers.

President George W. Bush Fast Facts

President George W. Bush Fast Facts George Walker Bush (1946-) served as the forty-third president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. Early in his first term on September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the Pentagon and the World Trade Center using airplanes as weapons. The rest of both of his terms in office were spent dealing with the after-effects of this. America got involved in two wars: one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq.  Here is a quick list of fast facts for George W Bush. For more in-depth information, you can also read the George W Bush Biography. Birth: July 6, 1946Term of Office: January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009Number of Terms Elected: 2 TermsFirst Lady: Laura Welch George W Bush Quote If our country does not lead the cause of freedom, it will not be led. If we do not turn the hearts of children toward knowledge and character, we will lose their gifts and undermine their idealism. If we permit our economy to drift and decline, the vulnerable will suffer most. Major Events While in Office Contested Election (2000)Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City (September 11, 2001)War in Afghanistan (2001)War in Iraq (2003)

Two major factors that influence Canadian golf industry essays

Two major factors that influence Canadian golf industry essays As we know, the golf industry in Canada is undergoing a decline during recent years. There are lots of external macro factors may affect the growth of golf industry. However, from my opinion, economic and cultural influences should be the most important ones among them. It is an undeniable fact that economy has played a significant role in our daily life. It influences every decision made on our expenses as well as our participation in golf sport. According to the survey report from RCGA for the 2002 golf participation in Canada, from 1996 to 2001, golf participation has followed a similar pattern to that of the Canadian economy. Growth from 1996 to 1998 was quite strong. Since 1998, however, the unfavourable economic conditions have caused the remarkable drop on number of golfers in Canada. Those low income golfers are more sensitive to the increased economic pressure. Since 1998, the number of golfers with an annual income between $30000 - $49999 has decreased by 25%. It is unreasonable for a golfer to enjoy the swing in a golf course with a very tight budget. Fortunately, Canadian economy is improving during these two years. From the recent media we know that the Canadian Economic Confidence Index goes up 9.33 points to 109.18. Optimistic interest rate predictions, high home purchase intentions, low job anxiety and positive personal economic outlook have drove the confidence up. This will also lead to the high level of intent to resume golfing among former golfers. On the other hand, immigrants with various cultural backgrounds may contribute to the growth of golf industry in Canada. Started from 1996, Canadas open policy on immigration has attracted more than 200 thousands immigrants per year from all over the world. Although most of these people are not familiar with golf, it is a huge potential market demanding our development. From what I know about Chinese immigrants from Hong Kong and Taiwan, many of ...

Burger King vs Mcdonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Burger King vs Mcdonalds - Essay Example On the basis of making risky business decisions McDonalds stands the winner in the competition. This is because recently McDonalds introduced the concept of McCafe (www.mcdonalds.com, 2014). This concept was quite different from their previous business model of only offering burgers. On the other hand, Burger King continues to operate the way they used to. On the basis of creativity, again McDonalds can be categorized as the winner. This is because they come up with new and improved ideas such as the idea of McGriddle which ended up being quite successful. While burger King lacks innovation and copies the creations of McDonalds. The differentiation between the two burger giants exhibit that both the burger giants have something different to offer. Burger King offers better quality burgers which is the main aim of both the burger giants, but McDonalds offers something new and takes the real risk by coming out with innovative

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Reaction Paper - Essay Example Stiglitz emphasizes the problem of inequality and considers it to be the main aspect that prevents the economy of the United States from the recovery. The author is sure that it is inequality that does not allow American children to have equal opportunities and to develop. He argues that the parents of a great number of children will not be able to pay the loan they take to provide their child with education in all ones born days (Stiglitz). The author of the third article not only states that inequality inhibits the growth but also wants to reveal the reasons of inequality. According to the author, during last several years the demand for goods and services declined as only rich people were able to pay for them. He explains it by the fact that the development of technology made many people loose the job as the technologies replaced people at the workplace. This led to the high level of unemployment

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Fair is Fair - Case Study Example This is the only way through which contentment can be established (Simmons, 20). The principle of fairness applies where both parties in a dispute perceive the verdict as having not favored any side of the argument. While justice could rest on side of the case, fairness must be established with the interest of both parties in mind. Thus, although justice could stand on certain premises, which could be seen to be favoring either side of the argument, fairness stands as the middle ground between the disputing parties, ensuring that none will perceive the other party as having benefited more from the case (Simmons, 24). Therefore, fairness goes beyond just doing justice, by ensuring that both parties to an argument are contented, no matter where the justice stands. Fairness can go against justice, for the sake of establishing a middle ground and creating contentment to the parties involved in a case. Therefore, fair is fair

An Indian Muslim Wife Essay Example for Free

An Indian Muslim Wife Essay Religion plays an important part in family and society in most of the Muslim societies. Muslims and Christians are spread throughout the world and the puritanical Christian and Muslim wife based in the concepts of scriptures of both religions may be a part of the books only [Rashid, 2007]. Cultural influences, economic conditions and varying influence of religion in the society means that a Muslim wife of one society is not subject to the same kind cultural practices throughout the world. An Afghan or a Saudi Arabian woman is more likely to follow the local religious practices of modesty and veils, while most Muslim women in India only have to observe a modest dress code. The very traditional families or families of religious scholars may still observe the hijab, a dress similar to that worn by Catholic nuns [Women, Islam Hijab, 2007]. For the information given here, I contacted a few of Indian women in my locality and they happened to be of Muslim religion and agreed to share their knowledge and experiences with me [Indian Muslim Wife, 2007]. The first thing one hears in these conversations is that ‘there is no such thing as a typical Indian Muslim or Hindu Wife’. The society in many of the developing countries has vast difference between the rich and the poor, and there is also a fast developing middle class. The very rich have become largely anglicized and the English medium public education under the Cambridge/Oxford based schooling system has given them the perception of family life very similar to that of a European or American family. A few characteristics common to all Indian Muslim families are importance of family life, providing protective environment for the children, fidelity in marriage and finding spouse of Muslim faith. The Muslim wife of a rich Indian family is well provided for. She is normally well educated and even if she is not involved in her own career or business, she has to accompany her husband to social parties; she does not drink even if the Muslim husband has given up practicing the prohibition imposed by religion. A Muslim Indian wife is expected to be faithful to her husband. The pressure of the society is such that even if men were to astray, the wife risks the risk of being ostracized if she indulges in any such activities. Indian Muslim families normally have to live in an extended family. Looking after the parents is responsibility of the male children of the family. It is almost given that she any Muslim woman will have her in-laws living in the same house. Depending on their nature, it may be blessing to share a house with in-laws as a number of women can go out more freely to pursue their career or to attend the social functions while the elder members of the family can look after the children. Most rich Indian Muslim women can hire servants and only have to supervise the household responsibilities. The middle class Muslim Indian wife has many more problems. The man is the breadwinner and the woman looks after the house, brings up the children, looks after the in-laws if they are old and infirm and makes ends meet in relatively moderate income. The Indian middle class society is rather conservative and the religious restriction placed on Muslim middle class women due to conservatism restricts the freedom of movement, ability to work, choice of professions for women in the middle class Muslim families is also limited. The traditional families prefer to keep the women at home or if they have to work professions such as teaching, medicine and assisting family members in their business are preferred. The poor Indian Muslim wife probably suffers the most. They are married off at an early age by marriages arranged by their parents. Low income of the family means that Indian Muslim wife from a poor family has to work hard often in poor paid jobs as domestic servant or on farms. The full day work, however does not reduce her responsibilities at home as she has to do all the household work, cooking cleaning, looking after the husband and children and in laws too. The poverty-stricken family has to stay in huts or semi constructed houses in shantytowns and suffers all the problems of poverty. The Muslim Indian women are brought up in traditional ways and given Islamic as well as normal education. Divorce rates among Muslims are very low. This may also be a result of the problems in the society. Divorce carries some stigma, the women are allowed to re-marry and the young divorcees normally do. The pressures on families are economic, social and emotional. Break-up of family deprives the woman of financial support, women if they do not re-marry are not free to socialize or date as openly as in Europe/America.

The Information Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce Essay

The Information Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce Essay The information technology in human resources management application, will be helpful for the re-definition and optimizing human resources management operation flow.This also raises the working efficiency, improves the grade of service, and thus increasing the information and professional human resources management platforms productivity. Certainly, in as much as information technology has contributed to the growth of human resource management, it is also important to highlight that human resource management will continually to grow in all ramification. But the information technology also to a certain extent steady developed certain function for the human resources. This research will analyze all aspect of the usage of technology in human resource management and how opportunities are still there to aid the advance of human resource. LITERATURE REVIEW Understanding of HRM De Cenzo and Robbins (1996: p8) defined HRM as the part of the organization that is concerned with the people as a whole and renders support in all aspect to them. Sequel to this, is the definition given by Bratton and Gold (2003: p7), that HRM is the strategic approach to managing employment relations with emphasis to the capability of the employees so as to sustain competitive edge. Lastly, Alan Price (2004: p32) gave a rather accurate HRMs definition as that part of the organization responsible for recruiting capable, dynamic and committed people, so as to manage and reward their efforts which will lead to competencies for the organization. The most important part of the organization is human resource management. Having a human resource management is not just the fact but having an effective one tat is able to align the organization goals into action is the most important thing. Finding revealed by Evan et al (2002) shows that human resource management is a core part and asset of any organization because it is very important in the sustaining of business success. Cross (2000), shows that human resource management inter-connects all people in the management and development of the organization. Likewise, human resource management is the driving force of the organization. According to the business dictionary, human resource management is defined as an administrative activity associated with planning, recruitment, selection motivation as well as developing people through work. (http://www.businessdictionary.com) Information technology on the other hand takes a proactive definition which looks at the Today, human resource management is now faced by many problems which is fast making it less effective in many ways. PRESENCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HRM The importance of technology cant be ignored wisely because of the many advantages it gives to employees as well as the overall success it provides for human resource management which equally translates to the overall organizational structure in a positive way. Information technology, by no doubt has helped to value the workforce as a relevant asset that defines the overall organizations culture and philosophy. The use of information technology in human resource management can be seen visibly in the mode and operation of human resource management. Today, the training and selection method is done via the use of information technology and this is fast making the overall process more effective than ever as a whole. Jerman-Blazic, (1996) stated that the use of internet and information technology offers much quicker access to latest scientific and technological innovations of the companies and research institution. This particular true because human resource will continually pay attention to transformation of employees in the organization just as technology would be driving tool to accompany this objective. Acquiring and gathering fresh knowledge whether supplementary or existing ones can only be attained via information that is technological in nature. Further to this, this researcher feels that information technology offer awareness and it is the driving force of changes as well. This observat ion can be seen by the research conducted by Lindstrom, Moberg Rapp (1997) which says: With Internet and (more broadly) Information-and-Communications-Technology (ICT) development in the full swing for the last two decades, organizations have been provided with a whole range of new possibilities for performing work and structuring organization In another review, new technology may also be required for implementing a low cost strategy if the technology can improve efficiency (Mondy, Noe Premeaux 1999, p148). The adoption of information technology assists closely in the cost analysis of any intending project that the human resource is undertaking since there are improved efficiency in all ramification. The process of human resource planning requires some level of technological application which will be incorporated into the overall strategic implementation of the company. Mondy, Noe Premeaux (1999) also concluded that aligning information technology to human resource management supports the overall implementation of plan as well as conducting analysis. Likewise, in time and labor management, the use of information technology cant be ignored because it is advantageous. IT enables the gathering and application of employee time and work information. It enables the tracking of employee in a scientific way that allows for easy analysis. It also enable human resource managers or senior personnel to know which employee is actually performing and the ones that are not performing and show improvement. Druckers work (2001) also added to this view by supporting that IT tracks employees performance.. It is a known fact that many organization differ in their approach to human resource planning and practices. E-HRM IN THE TODAY ORGANIZATION Ernst finds that electronic human resource management (e-HRM) is a web-based tool to automate and support HR processes. The implementation of e-HRM is an opportunity to delegate the data entry to the employees. eHRM facilitates the usage of HR marketplaces (e-recruitment) and offers more self-service to the employees (http://www.thestep.gr) The need to gather and have conceptual knowledge in this modern world is fast becoming a necessity and thus the adoption and use of information technology in human resource is no longer a new thing. When human resource and information technology are brought together, we see that there formulation leads to what we call e-HRM. A term used to denote the adoption of information technology in the human resource management department or policies. Information technology and human resource management is now known as e-HRM (Zhang Wang). IT has brought about revolution in organization through the adoption just as firms are now having corporate website which is now shifting the manual form of doing job to the computerized one such that mistake are eliminated to the minimal level. Consequently, the process of hiring new employees has been challenging and quite tasking. Tim Knox, in his article entitled expert strategies for hiring best employees suggests the use of information technology of hiring potential candidates to the job. The traditional view should be discarded and give way to the claims of Tim. Today, many companies through the human resource department are now employing employee through the Internet and other technological means. This is helping to reduce the demanding circle of having to be so physically in all the process that requires attentions. Kanungos (2006) work can be used to support this argument as he labelle d out that IT is so relevant and important also in the profit accumulation of the company. Knowledge management is very crucial and important for gathering knowledge that will be useful in all ramifications and surfaces of the organization. Since human resource department works with all departments, there is a need to understand that information technology is very essential and important as well. Likewise, recalling Jens et al (2010) work, one is able to see that HRIS and eHRM is used only at the professional and bureaucracy level. This view is thus misleading because not all human resource managements are operating at the bureaucracy level. Supporting this claim is the work of Mukama (2003). HRIS would only benefit the organization and has nothing to do with bureaucracy. CONCLUSION Information technology in human resource management plays a major role not only by the usage but also by the implementation and evaluation. It is a know fact that IT has helped to move human resource management forward to a level in which organizational activities are now less demanding and easy to use. There is now a pressing need to understand the role and use of information technology in all aspect of the organization as well. This is because many literature reviews on this research topic focused on information technology in the overall organizational context while others focused on Human resource information system (HRIS) and e-HRM. The human resource management has more than enough functions and thus the use of information technology should applies; researchers on this topic should bear this on their mind always. This research focused on all areas that information technology is making impact in the human resource management, however, there is still a need to further research on impact of IT in developing nation as it is obvious that are not adjusting fast to this trend. Word counts excluding references: 1,589. BIBILIOGRAPHY REFERENCES De Cenzo David A. and Robbins Stephen P. (1996) Human Resource Management 5th edn, John Wiley Sons Inc, Canada Bratton John and Gold Jeffrey (2003) Human Resource Management: Theory and practices, 3rd edn, Palgrave Macmillan, London Alan Price (2004) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, second edition, John Wiley Sons Inc, Canada Evans, P, Pucik, V, and Barsoux, JL (2002)  The Global Challenge. Frameworks for International Human Resource Management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York Cross, E (2000) Managing Diversity-The Courage to Lead, Quorum Books, Westpoint, CT, USA Business dictionary.com human resource management http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html. Accessed on 10th October 2010 Jerman Blazic, B. (1996). Internet. Ljubljana: Novi Forum Lindstrom, J, Moberg A. Rapp B. (1997), On the classification of telework. European Journal of Information Systems 6, pp. 243-255. Mondy RW, Noe RM Premeaux SR(1999) Human resource management 7th edn Prentice hall international, USA Kanungo, RP (2006) Cross culture and business practice: are they coterminous or cross-verging?  Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 13: 1, 23-31 Drucker, P. (2001). The Essential Drucker, Butterworh-Heinemann Oxford, UK   Zhang, Li1; Wang, Hong, Intelligent information processing in human resource management: an implementation case in China Blackwell Publishing Expert Systems, Volume 23, Number 5, November 2006 , pp. 356-369(14). Tim Knox expert strategies for hiring best employees Mama http://www.timknox.com/amazon. Accessed on 23rd October 2010 Ernst Biesalski knowledge management and e-human resource management http://www.thestep.gr/trainmor/dat/%7B0aa92187-62c6-4b0e-ad94-c71652d05db8%7D/article.pdf. Accessed on 24th October 2010 Jens Kaasbà ¸ll and Marlen Stacey Chawani, Gro Alice Hamre Jon Sandvand Competencies and Learning for Management, Information Systems Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations Volume 5, 2010 Mukama, F. (2003). A study of health information systems at local levels in Tanzania and Mozambique.Improving the use and management of information in health districts. Unpublished Master, University of Oslo, Oslo.